In earlier posts I spoke of criteria regarding the distinction between the ordinary and extraordinary means of conserving one’s life. In order for a treatment to be considered ordinary, it must not be unreasonably risky and must be reasonably effective. Carlson brings up these two criteria in his opinion and analysis.
Tag: Covid-19
Ordinary Means of Conserving One’s Life
The Vatican’s statement on the COVID-19 vaccine includes consideration of what constitutes ordinary means of preserving life. In the statement, to which I referred in earlier posts, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith said that vaccination is not morally obligatory. That statement is accurate in light of the moral teaching of the Church on conserving one’s life. It is a complex issue but we must accept the fact that the question of treatment, including prevention of the spread of disease, does involve one’s personal prudential judgment that cannot be negated by force. The article that I reference here might be of some help. It does not address the question of vaccinations directly. The basic principles are the same.
https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=3008
The Problem of Analyzing Cooperation in Evil and the COVID-19 Vaccines-Part 3: The Vaccines Can be Used without Committing Moral Evil. This Use Must Be Voluntary.
For anyone reading this post or listening to this episode of the podcast, the third in a series on cooperation in evil and the COVID-19 vaccines, I want to express once again that this is primarily intended for my parish as a way to access straightforward guidance on the Church’s moral stance on the vaccines. In the first post, I used a couple of examples to present the concept of cooperation in order to help everyone understand the reasoning of the Church’s position. In the second post, I talked about some of the background of the analysis of cooperation regarding vaccines. I gave a brief account, as well, of the development of the fetal cell lines from the two unborn children who were aborted deliberately. In this post, I will present information on how the vaccines are associated with these cell lines and, finally, present the authentic Catholic position on the vaccines utilizing the most authoritative statement to date from the Church’s magisterium.
There is a wide consensus among Catholic authorities, moralists, and many others that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines produced by Pfizer and Moderna “do not require the use of any fetal cell cultures in order to manufacture (produce) the vaccine.” The quote is taken a document prepared by the North Dakota Department of Health which includes Catholic references. (https://www.health.nd.gov/sites/www/files/documents/COVID%20Vaccine%20Page/COVID-19_Vaccine_Fetal_Cell_Handout.pdf.)
Cells grown from the original fetal cells were used to verify that a cell could take up the mRNA and produce the required spike protein to stimulate the necessary immune response. However, the use of these fetal cells was not necessary. As a close colleague of mine, a physician and researcher, put it, “The use of these cells for testing the mRNA vaccines was totally unnecessary because there were and are better ways of testing the effectiveness of these vaccines (i.e., animal and human studies). Because the use of these cells was unnecessary, it does not promote future use of aborted fetuses for testing.” This last point has long been important in the moral analysis.
While the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines rely, unnecessarily, upon the fetal cells for testing, there is more concern with the Janssen Pharmaceuticals vaccine produced for Johnson and Johnson. This type of vaccine did require the use of fetal cell cultures. It appears that the PER.C6 cell line, produced specifically for this type of vaccine production, was used in the production and manufacture of the COVID-19 vaccine that the company is marketing. While some Catholic ethicists claim that there are no “fetal body parts” in this vaccine, there are others who claim that the vaccine does, in fact, contain human DNA. I will continue to be watchful on this point. The presence of human DNA would certainly serve to further the concern expressed in the March 2, 2021, statement from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops’ Doctrine and Pro-Life Committee Chairmen in which they suggest a greater connection to the aborted tissue and a greater moral concern for the use of this vaccine. They recommend choosing one of the others, all things being equal, if one is able to choose. That recommendation, too, seems reasonable.
Now, I will turn to the doctrinal statement issued by the Church’s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued December 17, 2020. Here is the essential point of the document for our purposes in these posts on the subject: “[W]hen ethically irreproachable Covid-19 vaccines are not available (e.g. in countries where vaccines without ethical problems are not made available to physicians and patients, or where their distribution is more difficult due to special storage and transport conditions, or when various types of vaccines are distributed in the same country but health authorities do not allow citizens to choose the vaccine with which to be inoculated) it is morally acceptable to receive Covid-19 vaccines that have used cell lines from aborted fetuses in their research and production process.” (emphasis in original)
The Vatican note, explicitly approved for publication by Pope Francis, indicates, as well, that “practical reason makes evident that vaccination is not, as a rule, a moral obligation and that, therefore, it must be voluntary.” https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20201221_nota-vaccini-anticovid_en.html. Those who, in conscience, do not wish to be vaccinated must do their utmost to avoid becoming a vehicle for infecting others.
This is an important statement. It has magisterial authority. It is consistent with prior statements by the Church on the matter of vaccines stretching across the last three pontificates.
Should we have a new effort within the Pro-Life Movement to rid ourselves of these morally-tainted vaccines? Many within the Church are beginning to say “yes.” We will look at that soon.
The Problem of Analyzing Cooperation in Evil and COVID-19 Vaccines-Part 2: How Do the Fetal Cell Lines Originate?
In Part 1, we started thinking about the Principle of Cooperation. When we speak of cooperation we are not referring to the morality of the act of the main actor. The question concerns the morality of another individual or other individuals who become involved with that act somehow. In my original example, Severius is the main actor and Aquila is the cooperator. Aquila’s actions are morally evaluated from her point of view and this degree of cooperation and its moral evaluation are not determined by the evil Severius has committed. In the second example it is quite clear that the Jones family is not morally responsible for Severius’s actions. We want to try to understand how the cooperators, like Aquila and the Jones family, can act without committing sin by immorally cooperating with those who do, in fact, commit evil.
Now, while I began talking about cooperation (the second aspect of the Bishops’ statements) –and we are going to return to the morality of the use of the COVID-19 Vaccines (the morality of that cooperation)–, the time has come to talk about the process of making and testing the vaccines. The reason I think this is the case is that we need to recognize that these vaccines are not made by taking cells or tissue from the organs of the body of an aborted child. I am not saying here that there was no abortion. Nor am I saying that the abortion was not the source for the original cells from which these cell lines were created. However, the phrases that are commonly used, “made from aborted babies,” or “made from aborted fetal tissue,” can create confusion. If one were to mean by using such phrases that these companies such as Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson and Johnson, are acquiring the bodies of aborted children, dissecting them, and testing or producing vaccines from them then that is incorrect. If that were the case, I believe the use of such vaccines would be unquestionably condemned by all those concerned about the dignity of life. That is not what we are talking about here. So what are we talking about?
What follows is the best information available to me at this time. Fortunately, the information is widely available and that helps establish its credibility. It comes from reliable sources and I am confident that it is a correct description of the origin of the cell lines used in the process.
Many of us in the Respect Life Apostolate began to find out in the year 2000 that cell lines developed from aborted fetal tissue were being used in varying degrees in the production of vaccines. My introduction to this fact came in a controversy over the Hepatitis A vaccine which was being mandated by the city of St. Louis. I helped address the matter for the Archdiocese of St. Louis. There was quite an uproar and a misunderstanding, just like we are having now, about what is morally permissible regarding cooperation. Based upon Catholic moral principles, I stated that the Hepatitis A vaccine could be used because the cooperation was remote, there were no moral alternatives, and the reason for the use of the vaccines was sufficiently serious. At the time, the Vatican had not issued any statements on the question of the production of vaccines. Many people were very upset with us over our position that held that the vaccines could be used morally, that people also had the right to conscientiously object, and that we would work for alternatives that were not morally compromised. Children of God for Life, at that time, was opposed to this position. However, many very good pro-life moralists and others agreed with us. Eventually, the Holy See did, as well. This link will take you to Children of God for Life’s treatment of that matter. https://cogforlife.org/morally-acceptable/. I can add that I was informed the Holy See directly intervened and approved the position I, along with many others, took on the matter. (Even given our different positions, I maintain that Children of God for Life does good work.)
The fetal cell lines being used to produce COVID-19 vaccines come from two sources. One cell line being used is called HEK-293. HEK stands for Human Embryonic Kidney. The line came from the 293rd experiment on the tissue. These cells came from a child aborted in 1973 and it appears that the abortion was not spontaneous but deliberate. At the time records were not kept of the details of the abortion. It occurred in the Netherlands. This cell line was developed for basic research. It has come to be used in the type of production used in the COVID-19 vaccines. It is also used in many other commercial operations, in food production and possibly in cosmetics. The other line is PER.C6, a retinal cell line developed from an 18 week old fetus. The abortion was elective and deliberate because the mother wanted it. The cell line was developed specifically for manufacturing of Adenovirus Vectors used in some vaccines. These cell lines have been “immortalized” as it is described and can divide and continue to multiply providing cells for research and development. They have certain qualities that make them desirable for research.These cell lines are patented and available for purchase. According to FDA reports, to the best of my knowledge, the scientists producing the cell lines were not involved directly in the abortions.
Scientific and medical sources, such as North Dakota Health (reliably Pro-Life, it seems), say that the vaccines that rely upon these cell lines will not require additional abortions. This point was an important factor in my original analysis. I continue to rely on the representations that this is true; and it does make sense given the specific requirements for this type of research and the production of these vaccines. This factor was also important for the Holy See in its evaluation of the position I and others took in respect to the Hepatitis A vaccine, in 2000. Of course, the idea is still repugnant and, because this type of research is desirable and profitable, it seems to me that there is that incentive to continue to develop such lines.
The first blog post-Vaccines
A number of bishops have published statements regarding the Johnson and Johnson Covid 19 Vaccine. This is a rather tricky subject since all the vaccines developed so far use aborted fetal cells in their development, testing, and/or production. In the mind of most the bishops who have issued statements, however, the Johnson and Johnson vaccine is more morally problematic. At first glance, it seems that could very well be the case. I recommend taking a look at http://www.cogforlife.org for a very readable source of information about these vaccines.
Front Line Moral 